{"id":16356,"date":"2019-08-16T10:44:43","date_gmt":"2019-08-16T09:44:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hawkins.biz\/?post_type=case_study&#038;p=16356"},"modified":"2025-09-16T17:04:51","modified_gmt":"2025-09-16T16:04:51","slug":"investigations-into-ground-related-failures-part-3-construction-stage-issues","status":"publish","type":"case_study","link":"https:\/\/www.hawkins.biz\/case_study\/investigations-into-ground-related-failures-part-3-construction-stage-issues\/","title":{"rendered":"Investigations Into Ground Related Failures Part 3 &#8211; Construction Stage Issues"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"16356\" class=\"elementor elementor-16356\" data-elementor-post-type=\"case_study\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4b1656d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"49807\" data-id=\"4b1656d8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4de24e5\" data-eae-slider=\"33223\" data-id=\"4de24e5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1eaa93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d1eaa93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Geotechnical engineering is a sub-branch of civil engineering, focusing on the engineering behaviour of rocks and soils, often in relation to soil-structure interaction. Geotechnical engineers design and construct earthworks, foundations, slopes, retaining walls and other underground structures. The soil-structure interaction aspect requires detailed knowledge and experience of soil and rock mechanics along with engineering geology and structural engineering.<\/p><p>Civil engineering and building failures are often caused by geotechnical issues and these can be grouped by errors \/ omissions at the different stages of the project:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hawkins.biz\/case_study\/investigations-into-ground-related-failures-part-1-ground-investigation-issues\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ground Investigation<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hawkins.biz\/case_study\/investigations-into-ground-related-failures-part-2-design-stage-issues\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Design<\/a>, and finally construction, which will be covered in this article, the third and final part of this series on Ground Related Failures.<\/p><h4><span style=\"color: #0a527a;\">The Construction Stage<\/span><\/h4><p>The Hawkins Civil Engineering team has found that many failures are caused by errors at the construction\/installation stage. Research into what may be affecting the construction stage is ongoing, but initial observations show that there are fewer technically experienced engineers on site in either the contractor or supervisor role; many \u2018engineers\u2019 on site are actually contracts or programme managers, who have little to no technical knowledge or experience. The lack of supervision (by the traditional \u2018Resident Engineer\u2019) is of particular concern, and may be due to new types of contracts currently being used.<\/p><p>The result of the lack of technically competent engineers on site is that poor engineering decisions are sometimes made.<\/p><h4><span style=\"color: #0a527a;\">Partial Collapse of a Hospital\u00a0<\/span><\/h4><p>This case involved the collapse of the central part of a Victorian four-storey brick building during conversion (see\u00a0<strong>Figure 1<\/strong>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce914f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ce914f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"505\" height=\"336\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hawkins.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Collapse-of-Debris.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-16361\" alt=\"The collapse debris after a partial hospital collapse completely filled the basement.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hawkins.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Collapse-of-Debris.jpg 505w, https:\/\/www.hawkins.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Collapse-of-Debris-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 505px) 100vw, 505px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 1: The collapse debris completely filled the basement.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45a8da1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"45a8da1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I analysed hundreds of contemporaneous site photographs and interviewed the contractors involved, and found that the beams and buttress walls between two main cross walls had been removed, without providing any temporary support to replace the lateral restraint that was lost. However, this would only have the effect of weakening the structure rather than causing the failure to occur.<\/p><p>I carried out a watching brief during the removal of the collapse debris, which enabled me to identify the original location of each of the debris parts in the building pre-collapse (see\u00a0<strong>Figure 2<\/strong>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fecbd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6fecbd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"531\" height=\"751\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hawkins.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Identification-of-Debris.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-16362\" alt=\"A sketch to explain the building debris.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hawkins.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Identification-of-Debris.jpg 531w, https:\/\/www.hawkins.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Identification-of-Debris-212x300.jpg 212w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 531px) 100vw, 531px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 2: Identification of the building debris.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-469eead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"469eead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;\">After excavation, I was able to identify the initial point of failure as being the footings of one of the walls, while the collapse mechanism (see&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 700; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;\">Figure 3<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;\">) was a bearing failure in the ground (see&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 700; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;\">Figure 4<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;\">).&nbsp;<\/span><br><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ffd8e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2ffd8e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hawkins.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Failure-of-Footings.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-16363\" alt=\"The footings of the central column from the collapsed building had been undermined and failed in bearing\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hawkins.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Failure-of-Footings.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hawkins.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Failure-of-Footings-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hawkins.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Failure-of-Footings-768x510.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 3: The footings of the central column had been undermined and failed in bearing<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-083ee88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"083ee88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"590\" height=\"439\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hawkins.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Bearing-Failure-Mechanism.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-16365\" alt=\"A sketch to explain the way the wall collapsed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hawkins.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Bearing-Failure-Mechanism.jpg 590w, https:\/\/www.hawkins.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Bearing-Failure-Mechanism-300x223.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 590px) 100vw, 590px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 4: The bearing failure mechanism - general shear failure of excavation face.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1f5af9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1f5af9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Further investigation revealed that an excavation had been carried out erroneously against the footings of this wall, which explained the mechanism of failure. I discovered that while structural engineers had been instructed on the project to carry out a temporary works design, they had no full-time supervisory role under the contract; as a result there was no suitably qualified or experienced engineer on site acting for the contractor or groundworks sub-contractor.<\/p><p>This case also highlights the importance of carrying out risk assessments for different stages of the design and construction, as required by the Construction, Design and Management (CDM) regulations. If a risk assessment had been carried out, it is likely that the sequencing of the works would have been improved to remove support only after temporary support was added, and after barriers were set up, in order to limit the extent of any excavation in the vicinity of the footings.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e77c9dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e77c9dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><span style=\"color: #0a527a;\">About The Author<\/span><\/h4><p><a style=\"font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-size: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-size ); font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hawkins.biz\/experts\/andrew-reeves\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew Reeves<\/a>\u00a0is a Chartered Civil Engineer with a background in the design and construction of large-scale geotechnical solutions in UK, Germany and Hong Kong, including deep basements, large diameter bored pile foundations, retaining walls and tunnels.<\/p><p>More recently Andrew has carried out structural design in timber, masonry, steel and reinforced concrete as well as fire risk assessments for domestic and small-scale buildings in the UK.<\/p><p>Since joining Hawkins in October 2013, Andrew has investigated almost two hundred building-related failures including the collapse of structures, flooding of buildings and land, failure of basement waterproofing, failure of retaining walls and serviceability issues caused by subsidence.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Hawkins Civil Engineering team has found that many failures are caused by errors at the construction\/installation stage.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":16359,"parent":0,"template":"","experties":[62],"class_list":["post-16356","case_study","type-case_study","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","experties-built-environment"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Construction Stage Ground Failures: Case Study | Hawkins<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hawkins investigates ground failures during construction, revealing issues with site preparation and material behavior.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hawkins.biz\/case_study\/investigations-into-ground-related-failures-part-3-construction-stage-issues\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta 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